What can excessive intake of minerals lead to?

Excessive intake of minerals can lead to toxicity and health problems because many minerals, when consumed in large quantities, can become harmful rather than beneficial. Each mineral has a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or an acceptable upper intake level, beyond which the risk of toxicity increases. For instance, excessive consumption of iron can lead to conditions such as hemochromatosis, while too much calcium can result in kidney stones or impaired absorption of other essential minerals. This is significant because while adequate minerals are crucial for various bodily functions, such as enzymatic reactions, nerve function, and bone health, an overload can disrupt homeostasis and lead to serious health issues.

The other options do not accurately reflect the consequences of excessive mineral intake. Increased energy levels and improved nutrient absorption suggest positive effects, which are not associated with high mineral consumption. Similarly, enhanced metabolic rate implies a beneficial outcome that would not occur from excessive mineral intake, as it often leads to adverse health effects instead.